package platform

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/csv"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

const benchmarkVersion = "1"

type benchmarkProfileSpec struct {
	Name        string
	BaselineSec int
	WarmupSec   int
	SteadySec   int
	NCCLSec     int
	CooldownSec int
}

type benchmarkGPUInfo struct {
	Index                int
	UUID                 string
	Name                 string
	BusID                string
	VBIOS                string
	PowerLimitW          float64
	DefaultPowerLimitW   float64
	MaxGraphicsClockMHz  float64
	MaxMemoryClockMHz    float64
	BaseGraphicsClockMHz float64
	MultiprocessorCount  int
}

type benchmarkBurnProfile struct {
	name       string
	category   string
	supported  bool
	lanes      int
	m          uint64
	n          uint64
	k          uint64
	iterations uint64
	notes      string
}

type benchmarkBurnParseResult struct {
	Device            string
	ComputeCapability string
	Backend           string
	DurationSec       int
	Profiles          []BenchmarkPrecisionResult
	Fallback          bool
}

type benchmarkRestoreAction struct {
	name string
	fn   func()
}

var (
	benchmarkReadyPattern      = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-z0-9_]+)\[(\d+)\]=READY dim=(\d+)x(\d+)x(\d+)\b`)
	benchmarkSkippedPattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-z0-9_]+)(?:\[\d+\])?=SKIPPED (.+)$`)
	benchmarkIterationsPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-z0-9_]+)_iterations=(\d+)$`)
)

func (s *System) RunNvidiaBenchmark(ctx context.Context, baseDir string, opts NvidiaBenchmarkOptions, logFunc func(string)) (string, error) {
	if ctx == nil {
		ctx = context.Background()
	}
	if logFunc == nil {
		logFunc = func(string) {}
	}
	if strings.TrimSpace(baseDir) == "" {
		baseDir = "/var/log/bee-benchmark"
	}
	spec := resolveBenchmarkProfile(opts.Profile)
	opts = normalizeNvidiaBenchmarkOptionsForBenchmark(opts)

	selected, err := resolveNvidiaGPUSelection(opts.GPUIndices, opts.ExcludeGPUIndices)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if len(selected) == 0 {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("no NVIDIA GPUs selected")
	}

	ts := time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102-150405")
	runDir := filepath.Join(baseDir, "gpu-benchmark-"+ts)
	if err := os.MkdirAll(runDir, 0755); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("mkdir %s: %w", runDir, err)
	}
	verboseLog := filepath.Join(runDir, "verbose.log")

	hostname, _ := os.Hostname()
	result := NvidiaBenchmarkResult{
		BenchmarkVersion:   benchmarkVersion,
		GeneratedAt:        time.Now().UTC(),
		Hostname:           hostname,
		ServerModel:        readServerModel(),
		BenchmarkProfile:   spec.Name,
		ParallelGPUs:       opts.ParallelGPUs,
		SelectedGPUIndices: append([]int(nil), selected...),
		HostConfig:         readBenchmarkHostConfig(),
		Normalization: BenchmarkNormalization{
			Status: "full",
		},
	}

	logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("NVIDIA benchmark profile=%s gpus=%s", spec.Name, joinIndexList(selected)))

	// Server power characterization state — populated during per-GPU phases.
	var serverIdleW, serverLoadedWSum float64
	var serverIdleOK, serverLoadedOK bool
	var serverLoadedSamples int

	// Run nvidia-smi -q first: used both for the log file and as a fallback
	// source of max clock values when CSV clock fields are unsupported.
	var nvsmiQOut []byte
	if out, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, "00-nvidia-smi-q.log", []string{"nvidia-smi", "-q"}, nil, nil); err == nil {
		nvsmiQOut = out
		_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "00-nvidia-smi-q.log"), out, 0644)
	}

	infoByIndex, infoErr := queryBenchmarkGPUInfo(selected)
	if infoErr != nil {
		result.Warnings = append(result.Warnings, "gpu inventory query failed: "+infoErr.Error())
		result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
	}
	// Enrich with max clocks from verbose output — covers GPUs where
	// clocks.max.* CSV fields are unsupported (e.g. Blackwell / driver 98.x).
	enrichGPUInfoWithMaxClocks(infoByIndex, nvsmiQOut)

	activeApps, err := queryActiveComputeApps(selected)
	if err == nil && len(activeApps) > 0 {
		result.Warnings = append(result.Warnings, "active GPU compute processes detected before benchmark")
		result.Normalization.Notes = append(result.Normalization.Notes, activeApps...)
		result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
	}

	restoreActions := applyBenchmarkNormalization(ctx, verboseLog, selected, infoByIndex, &result)
	defer func() {
		for i := len(restoreActions) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
			restoreActions[i].fn()
		}
	}()

	// Power calibration: run dcgmi targeted_power while sampling nvidia-smi power.
	// Returns per-GPU p95 power as an honest TDP reference for PowerSustainScore.
	calibPowerByIndex := runBenchmarkPowerCalibration(ctx, verboseLog, runDir, selected, logFunc)

	// Start background CPU load sampler — samples every 10s during GPU phases.
	cpuStopCh := make(chan struct{})
	cpuSamplesCh := startCPULoadSampler(cpuStopCh, 10)

	if opts.ParallelGPUs {
		runNvidiaBenchmarkParallel(ctx, verboseLog, runDir, selected, infoByIndex, opts, spec, logFunc, &result, calibPowerByIndex, &serverIdleW, &serverLoadedWSum, &serverIdleOK, &serverLoadedOK, &serverLoadedSamples)
	} else {

	for _, idx := range selected {
		gpuResult := BenchmarkGPUResult{
			Index:  idx,
			Status: "FAILED",
		}
		if info, ok := infoByIndex[idx]; ok {
			gpuResult.UUID = info.UUID
			gpuResult.Name = info.Name
			gpuResult.BusID = info.BusID
			gpuResult.VBIOS = info.VBIOS
			gpuResult.PowerLimitW = info.PowerLimitW
			gpuResult.MultiprocessorCount = info.MultiprocessorCount
			gpuResult.DefaultPowerLimitW = info.DefaultPowerLimitW
			gpuResult.MaxGraphicsClockMHz = info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz
			gpuResult.BaseGraphicsClockMHz = info.BaseGraphicsClockMHz
			gpuResult.MaxMemoryClockMHz = info.MaxMemoryClockMHz
		}
		if w, ok := calibPowerByIndex[idx]; ok && w > 0 {
			gpuResult.CalibratedPeakPowerW = w
		}
		if norm := findBenchmarkNormalization(result.Normalization.GPUs, idx); norm != nil {
			gpuResult.LockedGraphicsClockMHz = norm.GPUClockLockMHz
			gpuResult.LockedMemoryClockMHz = norm.MemoryClockLockMHz
		}

		baselineRows, err := collectBenchmarkSamples(ctx, spec.BaselineSec, []int{idx})
		if err != nil && err != context.Canceled {
			gpuResult.Notes = append(gpuResult.Notes, "baseline sampling failed: "+err.Error())
		}
		gpuResult.Baseline = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(baselineRows)
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-baseline", idx), baselineRows)

		// Sample server idle power once (first GPU only — server state is global).
		if !serverIdleOK {
			if w, ok := sampleIPMIPowerSeries(ctx, maxInt(spec.BaselineSec, 10)); ok {
				serverIdleW = w
				serverIdleOK = true
				logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("server idle power (IPMI): %.0f W", w))
			}
		}

		warmupCmd := []string{
			"bee-gpu-burn",
			"--seconds", strconv.Itoa(spec.WarmupSec),
			"--size-mb", strconv.Itoa(opts.SizeMB),
			"--devices", strconv.Itoa(idx),
		}
		logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d: warmup (%ds)", idx, spec.WarmupSec))
		warmupOut, _, warmupErr := runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx, verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-warmup.log", idx), warmupCmd, nil, []int{idx}, runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-warmup", idx), logFunc)
		_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-warmup.log", idx)), warmupOut, 0644)
		if warmupErr != nil {
			gpuResult.Notes = append(gpuResult.Notes, "warmup failed: "+warmupErr.Error())
			result.GPUs = append(result.GPUs, finalizeBenchmarkGPUResult(gpuResult))
			continue
		}

		beforeThrottle, _ := queryThrottleCounters(idx)
		steadyCmd := []string{
			"bee-gpu-burn",
			"--seconds", strconv.Itoa(spec.SteadySec),
			"--size-mb", strconv.Itoa(opts.SizeMB),
			"--devices", strconv.Itoa(idx),
		}
		logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d: steady compute (%ds)", idx, spec.SteadySec))

		// Sample server power via IPMI in parallel with the steady phase.
		// We collect readings every 5s and average them.
		ipmiStopCh := make(chan struct{})
		ipmiResultCh := make(chan float64, 1)
		go func() {
			defer close(ipmiResultCh)
			var samples []float64
			ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
			defer ticker.Stop()
			// First sample after a short warmup delay.
			select {
			case <-ipmiStopCh:
				return
			case <-time.After(15 * time.Second):
			}
			for {
				if w, err := queryIPMIServerPowerW(); err == nil {
					samples = append(samples, w)
				}
				select {
				case <-ipmiStopCh:
					if len(samples) > 0 {
						var sum float64
						for _, w := range samples {
							sum += w
						}
						ipmiResultCh <- sum / float64(len(samples))
					}
					return
				case <-ticker.C:
				}
			}
		}()

		steadyOut, steadyRows, steadyErr := runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx, verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-steady.log", idx), steadyCmd, nil, []int{idx}, runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-steady", idx), logFunc)
		close(ipmiStopCh)
		if loadedW, ok := <-ipmiResultCh; ok {
			serverLoadedWSum += loadedW
			serverLoadedSamples++
			serverLoadedOK = true
			logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d: server loaded power (IPMI): %.0f W", idx, loadedW))
		}

		_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-steady.log", idx)), steadyOut, 0644)
		afterThrottle, _ := queryThrottleCounters(idx)
		if steadyErr != nil {
			gpuResult.Notes = append(gpuResult.Notes, "steady compute failed: "+steadyErr.Error())
		}

		parseResult := parseBenchmarkBurnLog(string(steadyOut))
		gpuResult.ComputeCapability = parseResult.ComputeCapability
		gpuResult.Backend = parseResult.Backend
		gpuResult.PrecisionResults = parseResult.Profiles
		if parseResult.Fallback {
			gpuResult.Notes = append(gpuResult.Notes, "benchmark used driver PTX fallback; tensor throughput score is not comparable")
		}

		gpuResult.Steady = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(steadyRows)
		gpuResult.Throttle = diffThrottleCounters(beforeThrottle, afterThrottle)

		cooldownRows, err := collectBenchmarkSamples(ctx, spec.CooldownSec, []int{idx})
		if err != nil && err != context.Canceled {
			gpuResult.Notes = append(gpuResult.Notes, "cooldown sampling failed: "+err.Error())
		}
		gpuResult.Cooldown = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(cooldownRows)
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-cooldown", idx), cooldownRows)

		gpuResult.Scores = scoreBenchmarkGPUResult(gpuResult)
		gpuResult.DegradationReasons = detectBenchmarkDegradationReasons(gpuResult, result.Normalization.Status)
		if steadyErr != nil {
			gpuResult.Status = classifySATErrorStatus(steadyOut, steadyErr)
		} else if parseResult.Fallback {
			gpuResult.Status = "PARTIAL"
		} else {
			gpuResult.Status = "OK"
		}

		result.GPUs = append(result.GPUs, finalizeBenchmarkGPUResult(gpuResult))
	}

	} // end sequential path

	if len(selected) > 1 && opts.RunNCCL {
		result.Interconnect = runBenchmarkInterconnect(ctx, verboseLog, runDir, selected, spec, logFunc)
		if result.Interconnect != nil && result.Interconnect.Supported {
			for i := range result.GPUs {
				result.GPUs[i].Scores.InterconnectScore = result.Interconnect.MaxBusBWGBps
				result.GPUs[i].Scores.CompositeScore = compositeBenchmarkScore(result.GPUs[i].Scores)
			}
		}
	}

	// Stop CPU load sampler and attach results.
	close(cpuStopCh)
	if cpuSamples := <-cpuSamplesCh; len(cpuSamples) > 0 {
		result.CPULoad = summarizeCPULoad(cpuSamples)
		if result.CPULoad != nil && result.CPULoad.Status != "ok" {
			logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("host CPU load during benchmark: avg=%.1f%% max=%.1f%% status=%s",
				result.CPULoad.AvgPct, result.CPULoad.MaxPct, result.CPULoad.Status))
		}
	}

	// Compute server power characterization from accumulated IPMI samples.
	var gpuReportedSumW float64
	for _, gpu := range result.GPUs {
		gpuReportedSumW += gpu.Steady.AvgPowerW
	}
	var serverLoadedW float64
	if serverLoadedSamples > 0 {
		serverLoadedW = serverLoadedWSum / float64(serverLoadedSamples)
	}
	result.ServerPower = characterizeServerPower(serverIdleW, serverLoadedW, gpuReportedSumW, serverIdleOK && serverLoadedOK)

	result.Findings = buildBenchmarkFindings(result)
	result.OverallStatus = benchmarkOverallStatus(result)

	resultJSON, err := json.MarshalIndent(result, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("marshal benchmark result: %w", err)
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "result.json"), resultJSON, 0644); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("write result.json: %w", err)
	}

	report := renderBenchmarkReportWithCharts(result, loadBenchmarkReportCharts(runDir, selected))
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "report.md"), []byte(report), 0644); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("write report.md: %w", err)
	}

	summary := renderBenchmarkSummary(result)
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "summary.txt"), []byte(summary), 0644); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("write summary.txt: %w", err)
	}

	return runDir, nil
}

func normalizeNvidiaBenchmarkOptionsForBenchmark(opts NvidiaBenchmarkOptions) NvidiaBenchmarkOptions {
	switch strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(opts.Profile)) {
	case NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStability:
		opts.Profile = NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStability
	case NvidiaBenchmarkProfileOvernight:
		opts.Profile = NvidiaBenchmarkProfileOvernight
	default:
		opts.Profile = NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStandard
	}
	if opts.SizeMB < 0 {
		opts.SizeMB = 0
	}
	opts.GPUIndices = dedupeSortedIndices(opts.GPUIndices)
	opts.ExcludeGPUIndices = dedupeSortedIndices(opts.ExcludeGPUIndices)
	return opts
}

func resolveBenchmarkProfile(profile string) benchmarkProfileSpec {
	switch strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(profile)) {
	case NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStability:
		return benchmarkProfileSpec{Name: NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStability, BaselineSec: 30, WarmupSec: 300, SteadySec: 3600, NCCLSec: 300, CooldownSec: 300}
	case NvidiaBenchmarkProfileOvernight:
		return benchmarkProfileSpec{Name: NvidiaBenchmarkProfileOvernight, BaselineSec: 60, WarmupSec: 600, SteadySec: 27000, NCCLSec: 600, CooldownSec: 300}
	default:
		return benchmarkProfileSpec{Name: NvidiaBenchmarkProfileStandard, BaselineSec: 15, WarmupSec: 120, SteadySec: 480, NCCLSec: 180, CooldownSec: 120}
	}
}

// benchmarkGPUInfoQuery describes a nvidia-smi --query-gpu field set to try.
// Fields are tried in order; the first successful query wins. Extended fields
// (attribute.multiprocessor_count, power.default_limit) are not supported on
// all driver versions, so we fall back to the base set if the full query fails.
// The minimal fallback omits clock fields entirely — clocks.max.* returns
// exit status 2 on some GPU generations (e.g. Blackwell); max clocks are
// then recovered from nvidia-smi -q via enrichGPUInfoWithMaxClocks.
var benchmarkGPUInfoQueries = []struct {
	fields   string
	extended bool // whether this query includes optional extended fields
	minimal  bool // clock fields omitted; max clocks must be filled separately
}{
	{
		fields:   "index,uuid,name,pci.bus_id,vbios_version,power.limit,clocks.max.graphics,clocks.max.memory,clocks.base.graphics,attribute.multiprocessor_count,power.default_limit",
		extended: true,
	},
	{
		fields:   "index,uuid,name,pci.bus_id,vbios_version,power.limit,clocks.max.graphics,clocks.max.memory,clocks.base.graphics",
		extended: false,
	},
	{
		fields:  "index,uuid,name,pci.bus_id,vbios_version,power.limit",
		minimal: true,
	},
}

// enrichGPUInfoWithMaxClocks fills MaxGraphicsClockMHz / MaxMemoryClockMHz for
// any GPU in infoByIndex where those values are still zero.  It parses the
// "Max Clocks" section of nvidia-smi -q output (already available as nvsmiQ).
// This is the fallback for GPUs (e.g. Blackwell) where clocks.max.* CSV fields
// return exit status 2 but the verbose query works fine.
func enrichGPUInfoWithMaxClocks(infoByIndex map[int]benchmarkGPUInfo, nvsmiQ []byte) {
	if len(infoByIndex) == 0 || len(nvsmiQ) == 0 {
		return
	}

	// Build bus_id → index map for matching verbose sections to GPU indices.
	busToBenchIdx := make(map[string]int, len(infoByIndex))
	for idx, info := range infoByIndex {
		if info.BusID != "" {
			// nvidia-smi -q uses "GPU 00000000:4E:00.0" (8-digit domain),
			// while --query-gpu returns the same format; normalise to lower.
			busToBenchIdx[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(info.BusID))] = idx
		}
	}

	// Split the verbose output into per-GPU sections on "^GPU " lines.
	gpuSectionRe := regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^GPU\s+([\dA-Fa-f:\.]+)`)
	maxGfxRe := regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)Max Clocks[\s\S]*?Graphics\s*:\s*(\d+)\s*MHz`)
	maxMemRe := regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)Max Clocks[\s\S]*?Memory\s*:\s*(\d+)\s*MHz`)

	sectionStarts := gpuSectionRe.FindAllSubmatchIndex(nvsmiQ, -1)
	for i, loc := range sectionStarts {
		busID := strings.ToLower(string(nvsmiQ[loc[2]:loc[3]]))
		benchIdx, ok := busToBenchIdx[busID]
		if !ok {
			// Bus IDs from verbose output may have a different domain prefix;
			// try suffix match on the slot portion (XX:XX.X).
			for k, v := range busToBenchIdx {
				if strings.HasSuffix(k, busID) || strings.HasSuffix(busID, k) {
					benchIdx = v
					ok = true
					break
				}
			}
		}
		if !ok {
			continue
		}

		info := infoByIndex[benchIdx]
		if info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz > 0 && info.MaxMemoryClockMHz > 0 {
			continue // already populated
		}

		end := len(nvsmiQ)
		if i+1 < len(sectionStarts) {
			end = sectionStarts[i+1][0]
		}
		section := nvsmiQ[loc[0]:end]

		if info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz == 0 {
			if m := maxGfxRe.FindSubmatch(section); m != nil {
				if v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(m[1]), 64); err == nil {
					info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz = v
				}
			}
		}
		if info.MaxMemoryClockMHz == 0 {
			if m := maxMemRe.FindSubmatch(section); m != nil {
				if v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(m[1]), 64); err == nil {
					info.MaxMemoryClockMHz = v
				}
			}
		}
		infoByIndex[benchIdx] = info
	}
}

func queryBenchmarkGPUInfo(gpuIndices []int) (map[int]benchmarkGPUInfo, error) {
	var lastErr error
	for _, q := range benchmarkGPUInfoQueries {
		args := []string{
			"--query-gpu=" + q.fields,
			"--format=csv,noheader,nounits",
		}
		if len(gpuIndices) > 0 {
			args = append([]string{"--id=" + joinIndexList(gpuIndices)}, args...)
		}
		out, err := satExecCommand("nvidia-smi", args...).Output()
		if err != nil {
			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("nvidia-smi gpu info (%s): %w", q.fields[:min(len(q.fields), 40)], err)
			continue
		}

		r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(string(out)))
		r.TrimLeadingSpace = true
		r.FieldsPerRecord = -1
		rows, err := r.ReadAll()
		if err != nil {
			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("parse nvidia-smi gpu info: %w", err)
			continue
		}

		minFields := 6
		if !q.minimal {
			minFields = 9
		}
		infoByIndex := make(map[int]benchmarkGPUInfo, len(rows))
		for _, row := range rows {
			if len(row) < minFields {
				continue
			}
			idx, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(row[0]))
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			info := benchmarkGPUInfo{
				Index:       idx,
				UUID:        strings.TrimSpace(row[1]),
				Name:        strings.TrimSpace(row[2]),
				BusID:       strings.TrimSpace(row[3]),
				VBIOS:       strings.TrimSpace(row[4]),
				PowerLimitW: parseBenchmarkFloat(row[5]),
			}
			if !q.minimal {
				info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz = parseBenchmarkFloat(row[6])
				info.MaxMemoryClockMHz = parseBenchmarkFloat(row[7])
				if len(row) >= 9 {
					info.BaseGraphicsClockMHz = parseBenchmarkFloat(row[8])
				}
				if q.extended {
					if len(row) >= 10 {
						info.MultiprocessorCount = int(parseBenchmarkFloat(row[9]))
					}
					if len(row) >= 11 {
						info.DefaultPowerLimitW = parseBenchmarkFloat(row[10])
					}
				}
			}
			infoByIndex[idx] = info
		}
		return infoByIndex, nil
	}
	return nil, lastErr
}


func applyBenchmarkNormalization(ctx context.Context, verboseLog string, gpuIndices []int, infoByIndex map[int]benchmarkGPUInfo, result *NvidiaBenchmarkResult) []benchmarkRestoreAction {
	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
		result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
		result.Normalization.Notes = append(result.Normalization.Notes, "benchmark normalization skipped: root privileges are required for persistence mode and clock locks")
		for _, idx := range gpuIndices {
			result.Normalization.GPUs = append(result.Normalization.GPUs, BenchmarkNormalizationGPU{
				Index: idx,
				Notes: []string{"normalization skipped: root privileges are required"},
			})
		}
		return nil
	}

	var restore []benchmarkRestoreAction
	for _, idx := range gpuIndices {
		rec := BenchmarkNormalizationGPU{Index: idx}
		if _, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("normalize-gpu-%d-pm", idx), []string{"nvidia-smi", "-i", strconv.Itoa(idx), "-pm", "1"}, nil, nil); err != nil {
			rec.PersistenceMode = "failed"
			rec.Notes = append(rec.Notes, "failed to enable persistence mode")
			result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
		} else {
			rec.PersistenceMode = "applied"
		}

		if info, ok := infoByIndex[idx]; ok && info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz > 0 {
			target := int(math.Round(info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz))
			if out, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("normalize-gpu-%d-lgc", idx), []string{"nvidia-smi", "-i", strconv.Itoa(idx), "-lgc", strconv.Itoa(target)}, nil, nil); err != nil {
				rec.GPUClockLockStatus = "failed"
				rec.Notes = append(rec.Notes, "graphics clock lock failed: "+strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
				result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
			} else {
				rec.GPUClockLockStatus = "applied"
				rec.GPUClockLockMHz = float64(target)
				idxCopy := idx
				restore = append(restore, benchmarkRestoreAction{name: fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-rgc", idxCopy), fn: func() {
					_, _ = runSATCommandCtx(context.Background(), verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("restore-gpu-%d-rgc", idxCopy), []string{"nvidia-smi", "-i", strconv.Itoa(idxCopy), "-rgc"}, nil, nil)
				}})
			}
		} else {
			rec.GPUClockLockStatus = "skipped"
			rec.Notes = append(rec.Notes, "graphics clock lock skipped: gpu inventory unavailable or MaxGraphicsClockMHz=0")
			result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
		}

		if info, ok := infoByIndex[idx]; ok && info.MaxMemoryClockMHz > 0 {
			target := int(math.Round(info.MaxMemoryClockMHz))
			out, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("normalize-gpu-%d-lmc", idx), []string{"nvidia-smi", "-i", strconv.Itoa(idx), "-lmc", strconv.Itoa(target)}, nil, nil)
			switch {
			case err == nil:
				rec.MemoryClockLockStatus = "applied"
				rec.MemoryClockLockMHz = float64(target)
				idxCopy := idx
				restore = append(restore, benchmarkRestoreAction{name: fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-rmc", idxCopy), fn: func() {
					_, _ = runSATCommandCtx(context.Background(), verboseLog, fmt.Sprintf("restore-gpu-%d-rmc", idxCopy), []string{"nvidia-smi", "-i", strconv.Itoa(idxCopy), "-rmc"}, nil, nil)
				}})
			case strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(string(out)), "deferred") || strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(string(out)), "not supported"):
				rec.MemoryClockLockStatus = "unsupported"
				rec.Notes = append(rec.Notes, "memory clock lock unsupported on this GPU/driver path")
				result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
			default:
				rec.MemoryClockLockStatus = "failed"
				rec.Notes = append(rec.Notes, "memory clock lock failed: "+strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
				result.Normalization.Status = "partial"
			}
		}

		result.Normalization.GPUs = append(result.Normalization.GPUs, rec)
	}
	return restore
}

func collectBenchmarkSamples(ctx context.Context, durationSec int, gpuIndices []int) ([]GPUMetricRow, error) {
	if durationSec <= 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}
	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(durationSec) * time.Second)
	var rows []GPUMetricRow
	start := time.Now()
	for {
		if ctx.Err() != nil {
			return rows, ctx.Err()
		}
		samples, err := sampleGPUMetrics(gpuIndices)
		if err == nil {
			elapsed := time.Since(start).Seconds()
			for i := range samples {
				samples[i].ElapsedSec = elapsed
			}
			rows = append(rows, samples...)
		}
		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
			break
		}
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return rows, ctx.Err()
		case <-time.After(time.Second):
		}
	}
	return rows, nil
}

func runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx context.Context, verboseLog, name string, cmd []string, env []string, gpuIndices []int, runDir, baseName string, logFunc func(string)) ([]byte, []GPUMetricRow, error) {
	stopCh := make(chan struct{})
	doneCh := make(chan struct{})
	var metricRows []GPUMetricRow
	start := time.Now()

	go func() {
		defer close(doneCh)
		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
		defer ticker.Stop()
		for {
			select {
			case <-stopCh:
				return
			case <-ticker.C:
				samples, err := sampleGPUMetrics(gpuIndices)
				if err != nil {
					continue
				}
				elapsed := time.Since(start).Seconds()
				for i := range samples {
					samples[i].ElapsedSec = elapsed
				}
				metricRows = append(metricRows, samples...)
			}
		}
	}()

	out, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, name, cmd, env, logFunc)
	close(stopCh)
	<-doneCh

	writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, baseName, metricRows)
	return out, metricRows, err
}

func writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, baseName string, rows []GPUMetricRow) {
	if len(rows) == 0 {
		return
	}
	_ = WriteGPUMetricsCSV(filepath.Join(runDir, baseName+"-metrics.csv"), rows)
	_ = WriteGPUMetricsHTML(filepath.Join(runDir, baseName+"-metrics.html"), rows)
	chart := RenderGPUTerminalChart(rows)
	_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, baseName+"-metrics-term.txt"), []byte(chart), 0644)
}

func parseBenchmarkBurnLog(raw string) benchmarkBurnParseResult {
	result := benchmarkBurnParseResult{}
	lines := strings.Split(strings.ReplaceAll(raw, "\r\n", "\n"), "\n")
	profiles := make(map[string]*benchmarkBurnProfile)
	for _, line := range lines {
		line = stripBenchmarkPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(line))
		if line == "" {
			continue
		}
		switch {
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "device="):
			result.Device = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "device="))
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "compute_capability="):
			result.ComputeCapability = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "compute_capability="))
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "backend="):
			result.Backend = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "backend="))
			result.Fallback = result.Backend == "driver-ptx"
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "duration_s="):
			result.DurationSec, _ = strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "duration_s=")))
		default:
			if m := benchmarkReadyPattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); len(m) == 6 {
				profile := ensureBenchmarkProfile(profiles, m[1])
				profile.supported = true
				profile.lanes++
				profile.m, _ = strconv.ParseUint(m[3], 10, 64)
				profile.n, _ = strconv.ParseUint(m[4], 10, 64)
				profile.k, _ = strconv.ParseUint(m[5], 10, 64)
				continue
			}
			if m := benchmarkSkippedPattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); len(m) == 3 {
				profile := ensureBenchmarkProfile(profiles, m[1])
				profile.supported = false
				profile.notes = strings.TrimSpace(m[2])
				continue
			}
			if m := benchmarkIterationsPattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); len(m) == 3 {
				profile := ensureBenchmarkProfile(profiles, m[1])
				iters, _ := strconv.ParseUint(m[2], 10, 64)
				profile.iterations += iters
			}
		}
	}

	keys := make([]string, 0, len(profiles))
	for key := range profiles {
		keys = append(keys, key)
	}
	sort.Strings(keys)
	for _, key := range keys {
		profile := profiles[key]
		precision := BenchmarkPrecisionResult{
			Name:       profile.name,
			Category:   profile.category,
			Supported:  profile.supported,
			Lanes:      profile.lanes,
			M:          profile.m,
			N:          profile.n,
			K:          profile.k,
			Iterations: profile.iterations,
			Notes:      profile.notes,
		}
		if profile.supported && result.DurationSec > 0 && profile.m > 0 && profile.n > 0 && profile.k > 0 && profile.iterations > 0 {
			precision.TeraOpsPerSec = (2.0 * float64(profile.m) * float64(profile.n) * float64(profile.k) * float64(profile.iterations)) / float64(result.DurationSec) / 1e12
		}
		result.Profiles = append(result.Profiles, precision)
	}
	return result
}

func ensureBenchmarkProfile(profiles map[string]*benchmarkBurnProfile, name string) *benchmarkBurnProfile {
	if profile, ok := profiles[name]; ok {
		return profile
	}
	category := "other"
	switch {
	case strings.HasPrefix(name, "fp64"):
		category = "fp64"
	case strings.HasPrefix(name, "fp32"):
		category = "fp32_tf32"
	case strings.HasPrefix(name, "fp16"):
		category = "fp16_bf16"
	case strings.HasPrefix(name, "fp8"):
		category = "fp8"
	case strings.HasPrefix(name, "fp4"):
		category = "fp4"
	}
	profile := &benchmarkBurnProfile{name: name, category: category, supported: true}
	profiles[name] = profile
	return profile
}

func stripBenchmarkPrefix(line string) string {
	if strings.HasPrefix(line, "[gpu ") {
		if idx := strings.Index(line, "] "); idx >= 0 {
			return line[idx+2:]
		}
	}
	return line
}

func summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(rows []GPUMetricRow) BenchmarkTelemetrySummary {
	summary := BenchmarkTelemetrySummary{}
	if len(rows) == 0 {
		return summary
	}
	temps := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	powers := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	clocks := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	memClocks := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	usages := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	memUsages := make([]float64, 0, len(rows))
	summary.DurationSec = rows[len(rows)-1].ElapsedSec
	summary.Samples = len(rows)
	for _, row := range rows {
		temps = append(temps, row.TempC)
		powers = append(powers, row.PowerW)
		clocks = append(clocks, row.ClockMHz)
		memClocks = append(memClocks, row.MemClockMHz)
		usages = append(usages, row.UsagePct)
		memUsages = append(memUsages, row.MemUsagePct)
	}
	summary.AvgTempC = benchmarkMean(temps)
	summary.P95TempC = benchmarkPercentile(temps, 95)
	summary.AvgPowerW = benchmarkMean(powers)
	summary.P95PowerW = benchmarkPercentile(powers, 95)
	summary.AvgGraphicsClockMHz = benchmarkMean(clocks)
	summary.P95GraphicsClockMHz = benchmarkPercentile(clocks, 95)
	summary.AvgMemoryClockMHz = benchmarkMean(memClocks)
	summary.P95MemoryClockMHz = benchmarkPercentile(memClocks, 95)
	summary.AvgUsagePct = benchmarkMean(usages)
	summary.AvgMemUsagePct = benchmarkMean(memUsages)
	summary.ClockCVPct = benchmarkCV(clocks)
	summary.PowerCVPct = benchmarkCV(powers)
	summary.TempCVPct = benchmarkCV(temps)
	summary.ClockDriftPct = benchmarkClockDrift(clocks)
	return summary
}

func scoreBenchmarkGPUResult(gpu BenchmarkGPUResult) BenchmarkScorecard {
	score := BenchmarkScorecard{}
	for _, precision := range gpu.PrecisionResults {
		if precision.Supported {
			score.ComputeScore += precision.TeraOpsPerSec
		}
	}
	// PowerSustainScore: prefer calibrated peak power (measured under targeted_power
	// load) as the reference — it reflects what this GPU actually reaches under a
	// full-spectrum workload, unlike the hardware default limit which bee-gpu-burn
	// cannot reach. Fall back to default limit, then enforced limit.
	referencePowerW := gpu.CalibratedPeakPowerW
	if referencePowerW <= 0 {
		referencePowerW = gpu.DefaultPowerLimitW
	}
	if referencePowerW <= 0 {
		referencePowerW = gpu.PowerLimitW
	}
	if referencePowerW > 0 {
		score.PowerSustainScore = math.Min(100, (gpu.Steady.AvgPowerW/referencePowerW)*100)
	}
	runtimeUS := math.Max(1, gpu.Steady.DurationSec*1e6)
	thermalRatio := float64(gpu.Throttle.HWThermalSlowdownUS+gpu.Throttle.SWThermalSlowdownUS) / runtimeUS
	score.ThermalSustainScore = clampScore(100 - thermalRatio*100)
	score.StabilityScore = clampScore(100 - (gpu.Steady.ClockCVPct*4 + gpu.Steady.PowerCVPct*2 + gpu.Steady.ClockDriftPct*2))
	score.CompositeScore = compositeBenchmarkScore(score)
	if gpu.MultiprocessorCount > 0 && gpu.Steady.AvgGraphicsClockMHz > 0 && score.ComputeScore > 0 {
		score.TOPSPerSMPerGHz = score.ComputeScore / float64(gpu.MultiprocessorCount) / (gpu.Steady.AvgGraphicsClockMHz / 1000.0)
	}
	return score
}

func compositeBenchmarkScore(score BenchmarkScorecard) float64 {
	// Weights after introducing calibrated power reference:
	//   base        0.35 — floor so a GPU that fails all sustain checks still scores
	//   thermal     0.25 — heaviest: throttle counters are the most reliable signal
	//   stability   0.25 — clock/power variance matters for reproducibility
	//   power       0.15 — honest with calibrated reference; lower because
	//                       bee-gpu-burn is compute-only (not mem+compute like TDP test)
	//   NCCL bonus  0.10 — interconnect health
	//   cap         1.10
	quality := 0.35 + 0.15*(score.PowerSustainScore/100.0) + 0.25*(score.ThermalSustainScore/100.0) + 0.25*(score.StabilityScore/100.0)
	if score.InterconnectScore > 0 {
		quality += 0.10
	}
	if quality > 1.10 {
		quality = 1.10
	}
	return score.ComputeScore * quality
}

func detectBenchmarkDegradationReasons(gpu BenchmarkGPUResult, normalizationStatus string) []string {
	var reasons []string
	runtimeUS := math.Max(1, gpu.Steady.DurationSec*1e6)
	if float64(gpu.Throttle.SWPowerCapUS)/runtimeUS >= 0.05 {
		reasons = append(reasons, "power_capped")
	}
	if float64(gpu.Throttle.HWThermalSlowdownUS+gpu.Throttle.SWThermalSlowdownUS)/runtimeUS >= 0.01 {
		reasons = append(reasons, "thermal_limited")
	}
	if float64(gpu.Throttle.SyncBoostUS)/runtimeUS >= 0.01 {
		reasons = append(reasons, "sync_boost_limited")
	}
	if gpu.LockedGraphicsClockMHz > 0 && gpu.Steady.AvgGraphicsClockMHz < gpu.LockedGraphicsClockMHz*0.90 {
		reasons = append(reasons, "low_sm_clock_vs_target")
	}
	if gpu.Scores.StabilityScore > 0 && gpu.Scores.StabilityScore < 85 {
		reasons = append(reasons, "variance_too_high")
	}
	if normalizationStatus != "full" {
		reasons = append(reasons, "normalization_partial")
	}
	return dedupeStrings(reasons)
}

func runBenchmarkInterconnect(ctx context.Context, verboseLog, runDir string, gpuIndices []int, spec benchmarkProfileSpec, logFunc func(string)) *BenchmarkInterconnectResult {
	result := &BenchmarkInterconnectResult{
		Status:             "UNSUPPORTED",
		Attempted:          true,
		SelectedGPUIndices: append([]int(nil), gpuIndices...),
	}
	cmd := []string{
		"all_reduce_perf",
		"-b", "512M",
		"-e", "4G",
		"-f", "2",
		"-g", strconv.Itoa(len(gpuIndices)),
		"--iters", strconv.Itoa(maxInt(20, spec.NCCLSec/10)),
	}
	env := []string{
		"CUDA_DEVICE_ORDER=PCI_BUS_ID",
		"CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=" + joinIndexList(gpuIndices),
	}
	logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("NCCL interconnect: gpus=%s", joinIndexList(gpuIndices)))
	out, err := runSATCommandCtx(ctx, verboseLog, "nccl-all-reduce.log", cmd, env, logFunc)
	_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "nccl-all-reduce.log"), out, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		result.Notes = append(result.Notes, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
		return result
	}
	avgAlg, maxAlg, avgBus, maxBus := parseNCCLAllReduceOutput(string(out))
	result.Status = "OK"
	result.Supported = true
	result.AvgAlgBWGBps = avgAlg
	result.MaxAlgBWGBps = maxAlg
	result.AvgBusBWGBps = avgBus
	result.MaxBusBWGBps = maxBus
	return result
}

func parseNCCLAllReduceOutput(raw string) (avgAlg, maxAlg, avgBus, maxBus float64) {
	lines := strings.Split(strings.ReplaceAll(raw, "\r\n", "\n"), "\n")
	var algs []float64
	var buses []float64
	for _, line := range lines {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		if line == "" || strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
			continue
		}
		fields := strings.Fields(line)
		if len(fields) < 8 {
			continue
		}
		for i := 0; i+2 < len(fields); i++ {
			timeVal, err1 := strconv.ParseFloat(fields[i], 64)
			algVal, err2 := strconv.ParseFloat(fields[i+1], 64)
			busVal, err3 := strconv.ParseFloat(fields[i+2], 64)
			if err1 == nil && err2 == nil && err3 == nil && timeVal > 0 {
				algs = append(algs, algVal)
				buses = append(buses, busVal)
				break
			}
		}
	}
	if len(algs) == 0 {
		return 0, 0, 0, 0
	}
	return benchmarkMean(algs), benchmarkMax(algs), benchmarkMean(buses), benchmarkMax(buses)
}

func queryThrottleCounters(gpuIndex int) (BenchmarkThrottleCounters, error) {
	out, err := satExecCommand(
		"nvidia-smi",
		"--id="+strconv.Itoa(gpuIndex),
		"--query-gpu=clocks_event_reasons_counters.sw_power_cap,clocks_event_reasons_counters.sw_thermal_slowdown,clocks_event_reasons_counters.sync_boost,clocks_event_reasons_counters.hw_thermal_slowdown,clocks_event_reasons_counters.hw_power_brake_slowdown",
		"--format=csv,noheader,nounits",
	).Output()
	if err != nil {
		return BenchmarkThrottleCounters{}, err
	}
	fields := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), ",")
	if len(fields) < 5 {
		return BenchmarkThrottleCounters{}, fmt.Errorf("unexpected throttle counter columns: %q", strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
	}
	return BenchmarkThrottleCounters{
		SWPowerCapUS:           parseBenchmarkUint64(fields[0]),
		SWThermalSlowdownUS:    parseBenchmarkUint64(fields[1]),
		SyncBoostUS:            parseBenchmarkUint64(fields[2]),
		HWThermalSlowdownUS:    parseBenchmarkUint64(fields[3]),
		HWPowerBrakeSlowdownUS: parseBenchmarkUint64(fields[4]),
	}, nil
}

func diffThrottleCounters(before, after BenchmarkThrottleCounters) BenchmarkThrottleCounters {
	return BenchmarkThrottleCounters{
		SWPowerCapUS:           saturatingSub(after.SWPowerCapUS, before.SWPowerCapUS),
		SWThermalSlowdownUS:    saturatingSub(after.SWThermalSlowdownUS, before.SWThermalSlowdownUS),
		SyncBoostUS:            saturatingSub(after.SyncBoostUS, before.SyncBoostUS),
		HWThermalSlowdownUS:    saturatingSub(after.HWThermalSlowdownUS, before.HWThermalSlowdownUS),
		HWPowerBrakeSlowdownUS: saturatingSub(after.HWPowerBrakeSlowdownUS, before.HWPowerBrakeSlowdownUS),
	}
}

func queryActiveComputeApps(gpuIndices []int) ([]string, error) {
	args := []string{
		"--query-compute-apps=gpu_uuid,pid,process_name",
		"--format=csv,noheader,nounits",
	}
	if len(gpuIndices) > 0 {
		args = append([]string{"--id=" + joinIndexList(gpuIndices)}, args...)
	}
	out, err := satExecCommand("nvidia-smi", args...).Output()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var lines []string
	for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "\n") {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		if line == "" {
			continue
		}
		lines = append(lines, line)
	}
	return lines, nil
}

func finalizeBenchmarkGPUResult(gpu BenchmarkGPUResult) BenchmarkGPUResult {
	if gpu.Status == "" {
		gpu.Status = "OK"
	}
	if gpu.Scores.CompositeScore == 0 {
		gpu.Scores.CompositeScore = compositeBenchmarkScore(gpu.Scores)
	}
	return gpu
}

func buildBenchmarkFindings(result NvidiaBenchmarkResult) []string {
	var findings []string

	passed := 0
	for _, gpu := range result.GPUs {
		if gpu.Status == "OK" {
			passed++
		}
	}
	total := len(result.GPUs)
	if total > 0 {
		if passed == total {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("All %d GPU(s) passed the benchmark.", total))
		} else {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("%d of %d GPU(s) passed the benchmark.", passed, total))
		}
	}

	if result.Normalization.Status != "full" {
		findings = append(findings, "Environment normalization was partial; compare results with caution.")
	}
	for _, gpu := range result.GPUs {
		if gpu.Status == "FAILED" && len(gpu.DegradationReasons) == 0 {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d failed the benchmark (check verbose.log for details).", gpu.Index))
			continue
		}
		if len(gpu.DegradationReasons) == 0 && gpu.Status == "OK" {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d held clocks without observable throttle counters during steady state.", gpu.Index))
			continue
		}
		for _, reason := range gpu.DegradationReasons {
			switch reason {
			case "power_capped":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d spent measurable time under SW power cap.", gpu.Index))
			case "thermal_limited":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d reported thermal slowdown during steady state.", gpu.Index))
			case "sync_boost_limited":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d was limited by sync boost behaviour.", gpu.Index))
			case "low_sm_clock_vs_target":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d average SM clock stayed below the requested lock target.", gpu.Index))
			case "variance_too_high":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d showed unstable clocks/power over the benchmark window.", gpu.Index))
			case "normalization_partial":
				findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d ran without full benchmark normalization.", gpu.Index))
			}
		}
		if gpu.Backend == "driver-ptx" {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d used driver PTX fallback; tensor score is intentionally degraded.", gpu.Index))
		}
		if gpu.DefaultPowerLimitW > 0 && gpu.PowerLimitW > 0 && gpu.PowerLimitW < gpu.DefaultPowerLimitW*0.95 {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf(
				"GPU %d power limit %.0f W is below default %.0f W (%.0f%%). Performance may be artificially reduced.",
				gpu.Index, gpu.PowerLimitW, gpu.DefaultPowerLimitW, gpu.PowerLimitW/gpu.DefaultPowerLimitW*100,
			))
		}
	}
	if result.Interconnect != nil && result.Interconnect.Supported {
		findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf("Multi-GPU all_reduce max bus bandwidth: %.1f GB/s.", result.Interconnect.MaxBusBWGBps))
	}
	if cl := result.CPULoad; cl != nil {
		switch cl.Status {
		case "high":
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf(
				"Host CPU load was elevated during the benchmark (avg %.1f%%, max %.1f%%). A competing CPU workload may skew GPU results.",
				cl.AvgPct, cl.MaxPct,
			))
		case "unstable":
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf(
				"Host CPU load was erratic during the benchmark (avg %.1f%%, p95 %.1f%%). Results may be less reproducible.",
				cl.AvgPct, cl.P95Pct,
			))
		}
	}
	if sp := result.ServerPower; sp != nil && sp.Available && sp.GPUReportedSumW > 0 {
		if sp.ReportingRatio < 0.75 {
			findings = append(findings, fmt.Sprintf(
				"GPU power reporting may be unreliable: server delta %.0f W vs GPU-reported %.0f W (ratio %.2f). GPU telemetry likely over-reports actual consumption.",
				sp.DeltaW, sp.GPUReportedSumW, sp.ReportingRatio,
			))
		}
	}
	return dedupeStrings(findings)
}

func benchmarkOverallStatus(result NvidiaBenchmarkResult) string {
	if len(result.GPUs) == 0 {
		return "FAILED"
	}
	hasOK := false
	hasPartial := result.Normalization.Status != "full"
	for _, gpu := range result.GPUs {
		switch gpu.Status {
		case "OK":
			hasOK = true
		case "PARTIAL", "UNSUPPORTED":
			hasPartial = true
		}
	}
	if !hasOK {
		return "FAILED"
	}
	if hasPartial {
		return "PARTIAL"
	}
	return "OK"
}

func findBenchmarkNormalization(items []BenchmarkNormalizationGPU, idx int) *BenchmarkNormalizationGPU {
	for i := range items {
		if items[i].Index == idx {
			return &items[i]
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func classifySATErrorStatus(out []byte, err error) string {
	status, _ := classifySATResult("benchmark", out, err)
	if status == "UNSUPPORTED" {
		return "UNSUPPORTED"
	}
	return "FAILED"
}

func parseBenchmarkFloat(raw string) float64 {
	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
	if raw == "" || strings.EqualFold(raw, "n/a") || strings.EqualFold(raw, "[not supported]") {
		return 0
	}
	value, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(raw, 64)
	return value
}

func parseBenchmarkUint64(raw string) uint64 {
	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
	if raw == "" || strings.EqualFold(raw, "n/a") || strings.EqualFold(raw, "[not supported]") {
		return 0
	}
	value, _ := strconv.ParseUint(raw, 10, 64)
	return value
}

func benchmarkMean(values []float64) float64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	var sum float64
	for _, value := range values {
		sum += value
	}
	return sum / float64(len(values))
}

func benchmarkPercentile(values []float64, p float64) float64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	copyValues := append([]float64(nil), values...)
	sort.Float64s(copyValues)
	if len(copyValues) == 1 {
		return copyValues[0]
	}
	rank := (p / 100.0) * float64(len(copyValues)-1)
	lower := int(math.Floor(rank))
	upper := int(math.Ceil(rank))
	if lower == upper {
		return copyValues[lower]
	}
	frac := rank - float64(lower)
	return copyValues[lower] + (copyValues[upper]-copyValues[lower])*frac
}

func benchmarkCV(values []float64) float64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	mean := benchmarkMean(values)
	if mean == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	var variance float64
	for _, value := range values {
		diff := value - mean
		variance += diff * diff
	}
	variance /= float64(len(values))
	return math.Sqrt(variance) / mean * 100
}

func benchmarkClockDrift(values []float64) float64 {
	if len(values) < 4 {
		return 0
	}
	window := len(values) / 4
	if window < 1 {
		window = 1
	}
	head := benchmarkMean(values[:window])
	tail := benchmarkMean(values[len(values)-window:])
	if head <= 0 || tail >= head {
		return 0
	}
	return ((head - tail) / head) * 100
}

func benchmarkMax(values []float64) float64 {
	var max float64
	for i, value := range values {
		if i == 0 || value > max {
			max = value
		}
	}
	return max
}

func clampScore(value float64) float64 {
	switch {
	case value < 0:
		return 0
	case value > 100:
		return 100
	default:
		return value
	}
}

func dedupeStrings(values []string) []string {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(values))
	out := make([]string, 0, len(values))
	for _, value := range values {
		value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
		if value == "" {
			continue
		}
		if _, ok := seen[value]; ok {
			continue
		}
		seen[value] = struct{}{}
		out = append(out, value)
	}
	return out
}

func saturatingSub(after, before uint64) uint64 {
	if after <= before {
		return 0
	}
	return after - before
}

func maxInt(a, b int) int {
	if a > b {
		return a
	}
	return b
}

// queryIPMIServerPowerW reads the current server power draw via ipmitool dcmi.
// Returns 0 and an error if IPMI is unavailable or the output cannot be parsed.
func queryIPMIServerPowerW() (float64, error) {
	out, err := satExecCommand("ipmitool", "dcmi", "power", "reading").Output()
	if err != nil {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("ipmitool dcmi power reading: %w", err)
	}
	if w := parseDCMIPowerReading(string(out)); w > 0 {
		return w, nil
	}
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("could not parse ipmitool dcmi power reading output")
}

// sampleIPMIPowerSeries collects IPMI power readings every 2 seconds for
// durationSec seconds. Returns the mean of all successful samples.
// Returns 0, false if IPMI is unavailable.
func sampleIPMIPowerSeries(ctx context.Context, durationSec int) (meanW float64, ok bool) {
	if durationSec <= 0 {
		return 0, false
	}
	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(durationSec) * time.Second)
	var samples []float64
	for {
		if w, err := queryIPMIServerPowerW(); err == nil {
			samples = append(samples, w)
		}
		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
			break
		}
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			break
		case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
		}
	}
	if len(samples) == 0 {
		return 0, false
	}
	var sum float64
	for _, w := range samples {
		sum += w
	}
	return sum / float64(len(samples)), true
}

// characterizeServerPower computes BenchmarkServerPower from idle and loaded
// IPMI samples plus the GPU-reported average power during steady state.
func characterizeServerPower(idleW, loadedW, gpuReportedSumW float64, ipmiAvailable bool) *BenchmarkServerPower {
	sp := &BenchmarkServerPower{Available: ipmiAvailable}
	if !ipmiAvailable {
		sp.Notes = append(sp.Notes, "IPMI power reading unavailable; server-side power characterization skipped")
		return sp
	}
	sp.IdleW = idleW
	sp.LoadedW = loadedW
	sp.DeltaW = loadedW - idleW
	sp.GPUReportedSumW = gpuReportedSumW
	if gpuReportedSumW > 0 && sp.DeltaW > 0 {
		sp.ReportingRatio = sp.DeltaW / gpuReportedSumW
	}
	return sp
}

// readServerModel returns the DMI system product name (e.g. "SuperMicro SYS-421GE-TNRT").
// Returns empty string if unavailable (non-Linux or missing DMI entry).
func readServerModel() string {
	data, err := os.ReadFile("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_name")
	if err != nil {
		return ""
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
}

// filterRowsByGPU returns only the metric rows for a specific GPU index.
func filterRowsByGPU(rows []GPUMetricRow, gpuIndex int) []GPUMetricRow {
	var out []GPUMetricRow
	for _, r := range rows {
		if r.GPUIndex == gpuIndex {
			out = append(out, r)
		}
	}
	return out
}

// parseBenchmarkBurnLogByGPU splits a multi-GPU bee-gpu-burn output by [gpu N] prefix
// and returns a per-GPU parse result map.
func parseBenchmarkBurnLogByGPU(raw string) map[int]benchmarkBurnParseResult {
	gpuLines := make(map[int][]string)
	for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.ReplaceAll(raw, "\r\n", "\n"), "\n") {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "[gpu ") {
			continue
		}
		end := strings.Index(line, "] ")
		if end < 0 {
			continue
		}
		gpuIdx, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(line[5:end]))
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		gpuLines[gpuIdx] = append(gpuLines[gpuIdx], line[end+2:])
	}
	results := make(map[int]benchmarkBurnParseResult, len(gpuLines))
	for gpuIdx, lines := range gpuLines {
		// Lines are already stripped of the [gpu N] prefix; parseBenchmarkBurnLog
		// calls stripBenchmarkPrefix which is a no-op on already-stripped lines.
		results[gpuIdx] = parseBenchmarkBurnLog(strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
	}
	return results
}

// runNvidiaBenchmarkParallel runs warmup and steady compute on all selected GPUs
// simultaneously using a single bee-gpu-burn invocation per phase.
func runNvidiaBenchmarkParallel(
	ctx context.Context,
	verboseLog, runDir string,
	selected []int,
	infoByIndex map[int]benchmarkGPUInfo,
	opts NvidiaBenchmarkOptions,
	spec benchmarkProfileSpec,
	logFunc func(string),
	result *NvidiaBenchmarkResult,
	calibPowerByIndex map[int]float64,
	serverIdleW *float64, serverLoadedWSum *float64,
	serverIdleOK *bool, serverLoadedOK *bool, serverLoadedSamples *int,
) {
	allDevices := joinIndexList(selected)

	// Build per-GPU result stubs.
	gpuResults := make(map[int]*BenchmarkGPUResult, len(selected))
	for _, idx := range selected {
		r := &BenchmarkGPUResult{Index: idx, Status: "FAILED"}
		if info, ok := infoByIndex[idx]; ok {
			r.UUID = info.UUID
			r.Name = info.Name
			r.BusID = info.BusID
			r.VBIOS = info.VBIOS
			r.PowerLimitW = info.PowerLimitW
			r.MultiprocessorCount = info.MultiprocessorCount
			r.DefaultPowerLimitW = info.DefaultPowerLimitW
			r.MaxGraphicsClockMHz = info.MaxGraphicsClockMHz
			r.BaseGraphicsClockMHz = info.BaseGraphicsClockMHz
			r.MaxMemoryClockMHz = info.MaxMemoryClockMHz
		}
		if w, ok := calibPowerByIndex[idx]; ok && w > 0 {
			r.CalibratedPeakPowerW = w
		}
		if norm := findBenchmarkNormalization(result.Normalization.GPUs, idx); norm != nil {
			r.LockedGraphicsClockMHz = norm.GPUClockLockMHz
			r.LockedMemoryClockMHz = norm.MemoryClockLockMHz
		}
		gpuResults[idx] = r
	}

	// Baseline: sample all GPUs together.
	baselineRows, err := collectBenchmarkSamples(ctx, spec.BaselineSec, selected)
	if err != nil && err != context.Canceled {
		for _, idx := range selected {
			gpuResults[idx].Notes = append(gpuResults[idx].Notes, "baseline sampling failed: "+err.Error())
		}
	}
	for _, idx := range selected {
		perGPU := filterRowsByGPU(baselineRows, idx)
		gpuResults[idx].Baseline = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(perGPU)
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-baseline", idx), perGPU)
	}

	// Sample server idle power once.
	if !*serverIdleOK {
		if w, ok := sampleIPMIPowerSeries(ctx, maxInt(spec.BaselineSec, 10)); ok {
			*serverIdleW = w
			*serverIdleOK = true
			logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("server idle power (IPMI): %.0f W", w))
		}
	}

	// Warmup: all GPUs simultaneously.
	warmupCmd := []string{
		"bee-gpu-burn",
		"--seconds", strconv.Itoa(spec.WarmupSec),
		"--size-mb", strconv.Itoa(opts.SizeMB),
		"--devices", allDevices,
	}
	logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPUs %s: parallel warmup (%ds)", allDevices, spec.WarmupSec))
	warmupOut, warmupRows, warmupErr := runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx, verboseLog, "gpu-all-warmup.log", warmupCmd, nil, selected, runDir, "gpu-all-warmup", logFunc)
	_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "gpu-all-warmup.log"), warmupOut, 0644)
	for _, idx := range selected {
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-warmup", idx), filterRowsByGPU(warmupRows, idx))
	}
	if warmupErr != nil {
		for _, idx := range selected {
			gpuResults[idx].Notes = append(gpuResults[idx].Notes, "parallel warmup failed: "+warmupErr.Error())
		}
	}

	// Snapshot throttle counters before steady.
	beforeThrottle := make(map[int]BenchmarkThrottleCounters, len(selected))
	for _, idx := range selected {
		beforeThrottle[idx], _ = queryThrottleCounters(idx)
	}

	// Steady: all GPUs simultaneously.
	steadyCmd := []string{
		"bee-gpu-burn",
		"--seconds", strconv.Itoa(spec.SteadySec),
		"--size-mb", strconv.Itoa(opts.SizeMB),
		"--devices", allDevices,
	}
	logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPUs %s: parallel steady compute (%ds)", allDevices, spec.SteadySec))

	// Sample server power via IPMI in parallel with steady phase.
	ipmiStopCh := make(chan struct{})
	ipmiResultCh := make(chan float64, 1)
	go func() {
		defer close(ipmiResultCh)
		var samples []float64
		ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
		defer ticker.Stop()
		select {
		case <-ipmiStopCh:
			return
		case <-time.After(15 * time.Second):
		}
		for {
			if w, err := queryIPMIServerPowerW(); err == nil {
				samples = append(samples, w)
			}
			select {
			case <-ipmiStopCh:
				if len(samples) > 0 {
					var sum float64
					for _, w := range samples {
						sum += w
					}
					ipmiResultCh <- sum / float64(len(samples))
				}
				return
			case <-ticker.C:
			}
		}
	}()

	steadyOut, steadyRows, steadyErr := runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx, verboseLog, "gpu-all-steady.log", steadyCmd, nil, selected, runDir, "gpu-all-steady", logFunc)
	close(ipmiStopCh)
	if loadedW, ok := <-ipmiResultCh; ok {
		*serverLoadedWSum += loadedW
		(*serverLoadedSamples)++
		*serverLoadedOK = true
		logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("GPUs %s: server loaded power (IPMI): %.0f W", allDevices, loadedW))
	}
	_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "gpu-all-steady.log"), steadyOut, 0644)

	afterThrottle := make(map[int]BenchmarkThrottleCounters, len(selected))
	for _, idx := range selected {
		afterThrottle[idx], _ = queryThrottleCounters(idx)
	}

	parseResults := parseBenchmarkBurnLogByGPU(string(steadyOut))

	for _, idx := range selected {
		perGPU := filterRowsByGPU(steadyRows, idx)
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-steady", idx), perGPU)
		gpuResults[idx].Steady = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(perGPU)
		gpuResults[idx].Throttle = diffThrottleCounters(beforeThrottle[idx], afterThrottle[idx])

		if pr, ok := parseResults[idx]; ok {
			gpuResults[idx].ComputeCapability = pr.ComputeCapability
			gpuResults[idx].Backend = pr.Backend
			gpuResults[idx].PrecisionResults = pr.Profiles
			if pr.Fallback {
				gpuResults[idx].Notes = append(gpuResults[idx].Notes, "benchmark used driver PTX fallback; tensor throughput score is not comparable")
			}
		}
		if steadyErr != nil {
			gpuResults[idx].Notes = append(gpuResults[idx].Notes, "parallel steady compute failed: "+steadyErr.Error())
		}
	}

	// Cooldown: all GPUs together.
	cooldownRows, err := collectBenchmarkSamples(ctx, spec.CooldownSec, selected)
	if err != nil && err != context.Canceled {
		for _, idx := range selected {
			gpuResults[idx].Notes = append(gpuResults[idx].Notes, "cooldown sampling failed: "+err.Error())
		}
	}
	for _, idx := range selected {
		perGPU := filterRowsByGPU(cooldownRows, idx)
		gpuResults[idx].Cooldown = summarizeBenchmarkTelemetry(perGPU)
		writeBenchmarkMetricsFiles(runDir, fmt.Sprintf("gpu-%d-cooldown", idx), perGPU)
	}

	// Score and finalize each GPU.
	for _, idx := range selected {
		r := gpuResults[idx]
		r.Scores = scoreBenchmarkGPUResult(*r)
		r.DegradationReasons = detectBenchmarkDegradationReasons(*r, result.Normalization.Status)
		pr := parseResults[idx]
		switch {
		case steadyErr != nil:
			r.Status = classifySATErrorStatus(steadyOut, steadyErr)
		case pr.Fallback:
			r.Status = "PARTIAL"
		default:
			r.Status = "OK"
		}
		result.GPUs = append(result.GPUs, finalizeBenchmarkGPUResult(*r))
	}
}

// readBenchmarkHostConfig reads static CPU and memory configuration from
// /proc/cpuinfo and /proc/meminfo. Returns nil if neither source is readable.
func readBenchmarkHostConfig() *BenchmarkHostConfig {
	cfg := &BenchmarkHostConfig{}
	populated := false

	// Parse /proc/cpuinfo for CPU model, sockets, cores, threads.
	if data, err := os.ReadFile("/proc/cpuinfo"); err == nil {
		socketIDs := map[string]struct{}{}
		coresPerSocket := map[string]int{}
		var modelName string
		threads := 0
		for _, line := range strings.Split(string(data), "\n") {
			kv := strings.SplitN(line, ":", 2)
			if len(kv) != 2 {
				continue
			}
			key := strings.TrimSpace(kv[0])
			val := strings.TrimSpace(kv[1])
			switch key {
			case "processor":
				threads++
			case "model name":
				if modelName == "" {
					modelName = val
				}
			case "physical id":
				socketIDs[val] = struct{}{}
			case "cpu cores":
				// Overwrite per-socket core count (last wins per socket, but all
				// entries for the same socket report the same value).
				if physLine := ""; physLine == "" {
					// We accumulate below by treating cpu cores as a per-thread
					// field; sum by socket requires a two-pass approach. Use the
					// simpler approximation: totalCores = threads / (threads per core).
					_ = val
				}
			}
		}
		// Second pass: per-socket core count.
		var curSocket string
		for _, line := range strings.Split(string(data), "\n") {
			kv := strings.SplitN(line, ":", 2)
			if len(kv) != 2 {
				continue
			}
			key := strings.TrimSpace(kv[0])
			val := strings.TrimSpace(kv[1])
			switch key {
			case "physical id":
				curSocket = val
			case "cpu cores":
				if curSocket != "" {
					if _, seen := coresPerSocket[curSocket]; !seen {
						v, _ := strconv.Atoi(val)
						coresPerSocket[curSocket] = v
					}
				}
			}
		}
		totalCores := 0
		for _, c := range coresPerSocket {
			totalCores += c
		}
		cfg.CPUModel = modelName
		cfg.CPUSockets = len(socketIDs)
		if cfg.CPUSockets == 0 && threads > 0 {
			cfg.CPUSockets = 1
		}
		cfg.CPUCores = totalCores
		cfg.CPUThreads = threads
		if modelName != "" || threads > 0 {
			populated = true
		}
	}

	// Parse /proc/meminfo for total physical RAM.
	if data, err := os.ReadFile("/proc/meminfo"); err == nil {
		for _, line := range strings.Split(string(data), "\n") {
			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "MemTotal:") {
				fields := strings.Fields(line)
				if len(fields) >= 2 {
					kb, _ := strconv.ParseUint(fields[1], 10, 64)
					cfg.MemTotalGiB = float64(kb) / (1024 * 1024)
					populated = true
				}
				break
			}
		}
	}

	if !populated {
		return nil
	}
	return cfg
}

// startCPULoadSampler starts a goroutine that samples host CPU load every
// intervalSec seconds until stopCh is closed, then sends the collected
// samples on the returned channel.
func startCPULoadSampler(stopCh <-chan struct{}, intervalSec int) <-chan []float64 {
	ch := make(chan []float64, 1)
	go func() {
		var samples []float64
		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(intervalSec) * time.Second)
		defer ticker.Stop()
		for {
			select {
			case <-stopCh:
				ch <- samples
				return
			case <-ticker.C:
				if pct := sampleCPULoadPct(); pct > 0 {
					samples = append(samples, pct)
				}
			}
		}
	}()
	return ch
}

// summarizeCPULoad computes stats over sampled CPU load values and assigns
// a health status.
func summarizeCPULoad(samples []float64) *BenchmarkCPULoad {
	if len(samples) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	sorted := append([]float64(nil), samples...)
	sort.Float64s(sorted)
	var sum float64
	for _, v := range sorted {
		sum += v
	}
	avg := sum / float64(len(sorted))
	p95 := sorted[int(float64(len(sorted))*0.95)]
	max := sorted[len(sorted)-1]

	cl := &BenchmarkCPULoad{
		AvgPct:  math.Round(avg*10) / 10,
		MaxPct:  math.Round(max*10) / 10,
		P95Pct:  math.Round(p95*10) / 10,
		Samples: len(sorted),
	}

	// Compute standard deviation to detect instability.
	var variance float64
	for _, v := range sorted {
		d := v - avg
		variance += d * d
	}
	stdDev := math.Sqrt(variance / float64(len(sorted)))

	switch {
	case avg > 20 || max > 40:
		cl.Status = "high"
		cl.Note = fmt.Sprintf("avg %.1f%% max %.1f%% — elevated host CPU load may interfere with GPU benchmark results", avg, max)
	case stdDev > 12:
		cl.Status = "unstable"
		cl.Note = fmt.Sprintf("avg %.1f%% stddev %.1f%% — host CPU load was erratic during the benchmark", avg, stdDev)
	default:
		cl.Status = "ok"
	}
	return cl
}

// runBenchmarkPowerCalibration runs a short dcgmi targeted_power test while
// collecting nvidia-smi power samples in parallel. It returns a map from GPU
// index to p95 observed power (watts), which is used as the reference for
// PowerSustainScore instead of the hardware default limit.
//
// If dcgmi is unavailable or the run fails the function returns an empty map
// and the caller falls back to DefaultPowerLimitW. The calibration is skipped
// gracefully — it must never block or fail the main benchmark.
func runBenchmarkPowerCalibration(
	ctx context.Context,
	verboseLog, runDir string,
	gpuIndices []int,
	logFunc func(string),
) map[int]float64 {
	const calibDurationSec = 45

	// dcgmi must be present.
	if _, err := exec.LookPath("dcgmi"); err != nil {
		logFunc("power calibration: dcgmi not found, skipping (will use default power limit)")
		return map[int]float64{}
	}

	logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("power calibration: running dcgmi targeted_power for %ds on GPUs %s", calibDurationSec, joinIndexList(gpuIndices)))

	cmd := nvidiaDCGMNamedDiagCommand("targeted_power", calibDurationSec, gpuIndices)
	out, rows, err := runBenchmarkCommandWithMetrics(ctx, verboseLog, "power-calibration.log", cmd, nil, gpuIndices, runDir, "power-calibration", logFunc)
	_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "power-calibration.log"), out, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("power calibration: dcgmi targeted_power failed (%v), skipping", err))
		return map[int]float64{}
	}

	// Group rows by GPU index and compute p95 power for each.
	result := make(map[int]float64, len(gpuIndices))
	for _, idx := range gpuIndices {
		perGPU := filterRowsByGPU(rows, idx)
		if len(perGPU) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		powers := make([]float64, 0, len(perGPU))
		for _, r := range perGPU {
			if r.PowerW > 0 {
				powers = append(powers, r.PowerW)
			}
		}
		if len(powers) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		p95 := benchmarkPercentile(powers, 95)
		if p95 > 0 {
			result[idx] = p95
			logFunc(fmt.Sprintf("power calibration: GPU %d p95=%.0f W (%d samples)", idx, p95, len(powers)))
		}
	}
	return result
}
